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If you're looking for the perfect gift for a teen or pre-teen girl or female friend, then you might want to consider a handmade journal. Use these tips to get started, then use your own creativity to create a personalized work of art. These journals also make great birthday or graduation gifts.

To get started, pick out some pretty card stock for the cover, maybe a favorite color of the girl the journal is intended for. I used a paper cutter to cut the piece of paper in half. You should end up with two sheets of paper 4 x 5 .

Select the paper you will use for the inside pages of the journal. I chose about 50 sheets of unlined copy/printer paper and cut them in half.

Then you get to be creative and decorate the cover. You can look at my example photos for inspiration. For one I used decals used for scrapbooking and card making. I placed a floral border down the left side and used rubber stamps to stamp the girl's name vertically on a scrap of white card stock that I then glued to the right side of the cover.

On another cover I placed the girl's name horizontally on the top of the cover, also using rubber stamps to spell out her name. Behind the cardstock that the name was stamped on I glued a piece of mulberry paper (craft paper that is thin like tissue paper) that I had torn around the edges. To finish this journal I placed a large floral sticker in the center of the cover.

To bind the journal together, I used a comb binding machine. If you don't know someone who has one of these that you can borrow, you can go to a local office supply store like Office Max or Office Depot, and they will either let you do it yourself in their copy department, or they will do it for you for a small fee.

Rachel Paxton is a freelance writer and mom of four. For scrapbooking, card making, gift-giving ideas, and more family memory-making activities, visit http://www.crafty-moms.com

All the Hummer cars originate from a military vehicle the M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). Since HMMWV is quite of a hassle to pronounce, the soldiers began to call their vehicles Humvee's. When AM General began to produce similar cars for the civilian market, they used the name Hummer. Today, Hummer is a protected name owned by General Motors. AM General sold the name to General Motors in 1999, but continued to manufacture the Hummer, while General Motors became responsible for selling the vehicles on the market.

The military M998 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles were developed to replace jeeps and lighter trucks. As early as the 1970s, the jeeps and lighter trucks had begun to show signs of inadequacy during military missions in rough terrain and a new and improved type of vehicle was much sought after. In 1979, the U.S. Military lay out the requirements for a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, and in 1980 the first prototype was finished. The prototype was called M998 and had been produced by AM General. The U.S. Military liked the prototype and AM General begun to produce a series of different High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle prototypes. Eventually, the U.S. Military ordered 55,000 HMMWVs from AM General. Today, you will find more than 15 different types of Humvees in the United States armed forces. They are used a cargo carriers, troop carriers, ambulances, automatic weapons platforms, missile carriers, surface-to-air missile platforms and much more. Fording 0.762 meters is possible with a standard Humvee, and with a deep-water fording kit you can ford up to 1.5 meters.

The first civilian High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, the Hummer, entered the market in 1991 and soon grew immensely popular. It was initially promoted by a race in 1990 where two Hummers traversed the rough terrain between London, UK and Beijing, China. A majority of the trip took place on the coarse roads of central Soviet Union. The drive was broadcasted in the United States, and the Hummer received a lot of publicity before even being launched. One of the first civilian owners of a Hummer was Arnold Schwarzenegger, which naturally also gave the vehicle additional publicity. What made the Humvees really famous was however the 1991 Operation: Desert Storm in the Middle East. During this war, soldiers driving the various Humvees were frequently seen on the news in America.

In 2003, the Hummer H2 a smaller version of the Hummer H1 entered the market. Even though it is not as big as a Hummer H1, it still has room for five passengers. It is considered a capable multipurpose vehicle and the Hummer H2 is used in large cities as well as in off-road conditions. The Hummer H2 Sport Utility Truck (SUT) is a pick-up truck variety of the standard Hummer H2. In 2005, the next Hummer was released. The Hummer H3 is even smaller than the Hummer H2 and marketed as a midsized SUV. It weighs no more than 8500 lb. Hummers are also available in limousine versions. The Hummer limousine is a popular party vehicle since it can comfortably fit a large group of people and has an exclusive interior.

read more about Hummer limousine or the latest Hummer model is the family friendly Hummer 3.

The Test Tube Baby is the latest development in medical science. It has opened up possibilities of conception to a number of women who ordinarily would not have been able to achieve motherhood. The method is boon to women whose Fallopian tubes are not functioning.

If the Fallopian tubes are defective, but the uterus is normal, and the sperm count of the husband is satisfactory, this procedure is adopted.

A special device, the Laparoscope is used to extract the ovum from the ovary of the woman. This is then placed in a test tube, and allowed to be fertilized by the husbands sperm. The fertilized ovum is allowed to develop in the test tube up to a certain stage, and then implanted in the uterus of the woman.

In other words, the processes normally taking place in the tube. That is why the process is referred to as test tube fertilization, and the baby is called a test tube baby, though most of its development takes place in the normal manner in the uterus. Highly satisfactory results have been obtained in a number of cases.

What Information, apart from Pregnancy, can be obtained by sonography?

The condition of the uterus, any defects it may have, its state of development (whether it is too small or under development etc) can be revealed.

A tumors in the uterus or cervix can be detected.

Bening or malignant (cancer) tumours in the abdomen or in the ovaries can be detected and their exact location ascertained.

If the woman has not been able to conceive, the process of ovulation can be studied in detail, and appropriate measures taken.

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